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Oral Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

What Are Oral Ulcers?

Oral ulcers are small, painful sores that appear inside the mouth. These mouth sores can form on the inner cheeks, lips, tongue, or gums. Often, oral ulcers make eating and talking uncomfortable. While most ulcers heal on their own, some may last longer and need treatment. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), oral ulcers are common and affect people of all ages. Because they can be caused by many factors, it is important to understand their symptoms and causes.

Common Symptoms of Oral Ulcers

Usually, oral ulcers have clear signs. However, symptoms can vary from person to person. Knowing what to look for helps you spot them early. Common symptoms include:

  • Round or oval sores with a white, yellow, or gray center
  • Red, swollen edges around the sore
  • Pain or burning sensation, especially when eating spicy or acidic foods
  • Difficulty talking or swallowing
  • Occasionally, mild fever or swollen lymph nodes

    • Sometimes, more than one ulcer appears at the same time. If you notice these symptoms, you may have oral ulcers.

    Causes and Risk Factors

    There are many possible causes of oral ulcers. In fact, some people may be more likely to get them. Here are some common mouth sores causes:

  • Minor mouth injuries, such as biting your cheek or brushing too hard
  • Stress or lack of sleep
  • Certain foods, like citrus fruits, chocolate, or spicy dishes
  • Vitamin deficiencies, especially B12, iron, or folic acid
  • Hormonal changes, such as during menstruation
  • Medical conditions, including celiac disease or inflammatory bowel disease
  • Allergic reactions to toothpaste or mouthwash
  • Weakened immune system

    • Additionally, genetics can play a role. If your family members get oral ulcers, you may be at higher risk. In some regions, hot and humid weather can also increase the chances of developing mouth sores.

    How Oral Ulcers Are Diagnosed

    Usually, a dentist or doctor can diagnose oral ulcers by looking at the sores. First, they will ask about your symptoms and medical history. Then, they may check your mouth for the size, shape, and location of the ulcers. In rare cases, further tests may be needed. For example, blood tests can check for vitamin deficiencies or infections. Sometimes, a small tissue sample (biopsy) is taken if the sore does not heal or looks unusual. Early diagnosis helps rule out other health problems and guides the best oral ulcer treatment.

    Treatment Options for Oral Ulcers

    Most oral ulcers heal within one to two weeks without treatment. However, some cases need extra care. Here are common oral ulcer treatment options:

  • Over-the-counter gels or ointments to reduce pain
  • Saltwater rinses to keep the mouth clean
  • Prescription mouthwashes for severe or frequent ulcers
  • Pain relievers, such as acetaminophen, if needed
  • Vitamin supplements if you have a deficiency

    • Sometimes, avoiding spicy or acidic foods helps speed up healing. If ulcers are caused by another health problem, treating that condition is important. Always follow your dentist’s advice for the best results.

    Prevention Tips and Lifestyle Guidance

    Although oral ulcers are common, you can lower your risk with some simple steps. Here are tips on how to prevent mouth ulcers:

  • Brush your teeth gently with a soft-bristled toothbrush
  • Avoid foods that trigger your ulcers, such as citrus or spicy items
  • Eat a balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals
  • Manage stress with relaxation techniques
  • Get enough sleep every night
  • Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water
  • Use toothpaste and mouthwash without harsh chemicals

    • In addition, regular dental check-ups help catch problems early. If you live in a hot or dry area, drink extra water to keep your mouth moist.

    When to See a Dentist

    Most oral ulcers heal on their own. However, you should see a dentist if:

  • The ulcer lasts longer than two weeks
  • You have severe pain or trouble eating
  • Ulcers keep coming back
  • You notice unusual symptoms, such as fever or weight loss
  • The sore looks very large or spreads quickly

    • Early treatment can prevent complications and help you feel better sooner.

    If you have persistent oral ulcers, consult a dentist at True Healthcare (THC Dental Centre) for personalized advice.